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MEDICAL TEST HEALTH TERMS LEGAL GLOSSARY |
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Glossary of Medical Test Health Terms
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- G -
Galactosemia Test: A blood or urine test
that checks for three enzymes that are needed to change galactose, a sugar that
is found in milk and milk products, into glucose, a sugar that your body uses
for energy. A person with galactosemia doesn't have one of these enzymes. This
causes high levels of galactose in the blood or urine. When galactose builds up
in a baby's blood, it can cause brain damage, seizures, and mental retardation.
The damage caused by galactosemia can begin within weeks after the baby has
started drinking breast milk or formula. Babies with galactosemia need foods low
in galactose in order to gain weight and to prevent brain damage, liver
problems, infection, and cataracts. Galactosemia is a rare disease that is
passed from parents to children. A galactosemia test is usually done to
determine whether a newborn has the disease. Testing is also done on adults to
determine whether they have an increased chance of having a baby born with the
disease.
Gallbladder Scan: A nuclear scanning test that is done to evaluate
gallbladder function. It can detect blockage in the tubes (bile ducts) that lead
from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. During a gallbladder
scan, a radioactive tracer substance is injected into a vein in the arm. The
liver removes the tracer from the bloodstream and adds it to the bile that
normally flows through the bile ducts to the gallbladder. The gallbladder then
releases the tracer into the beginning of the small intestine. The scanning
pictures are taken as the tracer moves through the liver, bile ducts,
gallbladder, and duodenum.
Genetic Test: Examines a DNA sample of a person's cells for abnormal
genes, or analyzes the number, arrangement, and characteristics of the
chromosomes. Testing may be performed on samples of blood, semen, urine, saliva,
stool, body tissues, bone, or hair. You inherit half of your genetic information
from your mother and the other half from your father. Genes, alone or in
combination, determine what features (genetic traits) a person inherits from his
or her parents, such as blood type, hair color, eye color, and other
characteristics, including risks of developing certain diseases. Certain changes
in genes or chromosomes may cause medical problems.
Glycohemoglobin: This is a blood test that measures the amount of sugar
(glucose) bound to hemoglobin. Normally, only a small percentage of hemoglobin
in the blood (4% to 6%) has glucose bound to it. However, people with diabetes
(or other conditions that increase their blood glucose levels) have more
glycohemoglobin than normal.
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