Cancer Legal Glossary

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: A viral disease that destroys the body’s ability to fight infections, leaving the body susceptible to many other diseases.

Acute Leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow).

Acute: Having the abrupt onset of symptoms and a short course – not chronic.

Adenocarcinoma: Cancer that starts in the glandular tissue, such as in the ducts or lobules of the breast.

Adenoma: A benign tumor made up of glandular tissue. For example, an adenoma of the pituitary gland may cause it to produce abnormal amounts of hormones.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy given to kill any remaining cancer cells, usually after all detectable tumor is removed by surgery or radiotherapy.

Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy or hormone therapy.

Adrenal Glands: Two small organs near the kidneys that release hormones.

AFP (Alpha fetoprotein): A tumor marker.

Aggressive: A fast-growing cancer.

Alopecia: The loss of hair, which may include all body hair as well as scalp hair.

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs.

Analgesic: Any drug that relieves pain. Aspirin and acetaminophen are mild analgesics.

Androgens: A family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.

Anemia: A condition in which a decreased number of red blood cells may cause symptoms including tiredness, shortness of breath, and weakness.

Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor.

Antiangiogenesis: Prevention of the growth of new blood vessels which can feed a tumor.

Antibody Therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells.

Antibody: A substance formed by the body to help defend it against infection.

Antiemetic Agent: A drug that prevents or controls nausea and vomiting.

Antifungal Agent: A drug used to treat fungal infections.

Antigen: Any substance that causes the body to produce natural antibodies.

Antineoplastic Agent: A drug that prevents, kills, or blocks the growth and spread of cancer cells.

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death. Apoptosis is controlled by genes that cause a cell to die at a certain time. This type of cell death is different from the process of cell death by decay. Apoptosis can be brought about by some drugs used to treat cancer.

Arrhythmia: An irregular heartbeat.

Asbestos: A natural material that is made up of tiny fibers used in insulations against fire and in tire brake liners. The fibers can cause cancer.

Ascites: Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.

Aspiration: Removal of fluid from a cyst or cells from a lump, using a needle and syringe.

Atypical hyperplasia: Cells that are both abnormal (atypical) and increased in number.

Autoimmunity: Conditions in which the body’s immune system mistakenly fights and rejects the body’s own tissues.

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment.

Autologous: Taken from an individual’s own tissues, cells, or DNA.

Average Risk: A measure of the chances of getting cancer without the presence of any specific factors known to be associated with the disease.

Axilla: The armpit.

Axillary Nodes: Lymph Nodes also called lymph glands found in the axilla (armpit).

Barium Enema: A procedure in which a liquid containing barium is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray.

Barium Swallow: The use of a milky solution (barium sulfate) given orally to allow x-ray examination of the upper intestinal tract.

Basal Cell Carcinoma: The most common type of skin cancer.

Benign Growth: A swelling or growth that is not cancerous and does not spread from one part of the body to another.

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: A benign (non-cancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine.

Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

Biological Therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. May also be referred to as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.

Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When an entire lesion or tumor is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration.

Bladder Tumor Marker Studies: Urine is examined for “markers” associated with cancer.

Blood Cells: Minute structures produced in the bone marrow; they consist of red blood, white blood cells and platelets.

Blood Count: The number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a sample of blood.

Bone Marrow Biopsy and Aspiration: The procedure by which a needle is inserted into a bone to withdraw a sample of bone marrow.

Bone Marrow Suppression: A decrease in the production of blood cells.

Bone Marrow Transplant: The infusion of bone marrow into a patient who has been treated with high dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Patients may use their own marrow, which in some cases has been frozen.

Bone Marrow: The soft sponge-like tissue in the center of bones that produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

Bone Scan: A picture of the bones which is taken by using a radioactive dye that shows any injury, disease, or healing. This is a valuable test to determine if cancer has spread to the bone, if anticancer therapy has been successful, and if affected bony areas are healing.

Brachytherapy: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor.

Breast Self-Examination: A manual self-examination of the breasts.

Bronchial Tube: Also called the bronchus. This tube is a large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung.

Bronchogenic Carcinoma: A cancer originating in the lungs or airways.

Bronchoscopy: A procedure in which a thin, flexible, lighted tube is inserted through the nose or mouth. This allows examination of the inside of the trachea and bronchi, as well as the lung. Bronchoscopy may be used to detect cancer or perform some treatment procedures.

Buccal Mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips.

CA-125 Blood Test: A blood sample is analyzed for a circulating protein hormone CA-125. Often, the amount of CA-125 in the blood directly relates to the amount of cancer cells in the body. This test is still under study.

Cancer In Situ: The stage where the cancer is still confined to the tissue in which it started.

Cancer: A group of diseases in which malignant cells grow out of control and spread to other parts of the body.

Candidiasis: A common fungal infection.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A substance normally found in fetal tissue. If found in an adult, it may suggest that a cancer, especially one starting in the digestive system, may be present. Tests for this substance may help in finding out if a colorectal cancer has recurred after treatment.

Carcinogen: A substance that causes cancer. For example, nicotine in cigarettes is a carcinogen that causes lung cancer.

Carcinoma: A type of cancer that starts in the skin or the lining of organs.

Cardiomegaly: An enlargement of the heart.

CAT scan (CT scan): A test using computers and x-rays to create images of various parts of the body.

CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen): A blood tumor marker.

Cellulitis: The inflammation of an area of the skin (epithelial layer).

Central Venous Catheter: A special intravenous tubing that is surgically inserted into a large vein near the heart and exits from the chest or abdomen. The catheter allows medications, fluids, or blood products to be given and blood samples to be taken.

Cervical Carcinoma: A cancer of the cervix (the neck of the uterus).

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells.

Cervical Nodes: Lymph nodes in the neck.

Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.

Chemotherapy: Treatment with drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is often used with surgery and/or radiation to treat cancer when the cancer has spread, when it has come back (recurred), or when there is a strong chance that it could recur. It is the primary treatment of lymphoma.

Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor of cartilage that usually occurs near the ends of the long bones.

Chronic Leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues.

Chronic: Means that a condition is persisting over a long period of time.

Clinical Trials: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease.

Colon: The long, coiled, tube-like organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus.

Colonoscopy: A procedure to look at the colon or large bowel through a lighted, flexible tube.

Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF): An injectable substance used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more cells.

Color-Flow Doppler: This test is a type of ultrasound that checks the blood flow. Since cancer is characterized by an increased blood flow to the affected area, it can be useful to detect ovarian cancer.

Colostomy: A surgical procedure by which an opening is created between the colon and the outside of the abdomen to allow stool to be emptied into a collection bag.

Colposcope: A lighted magnifying instrument used for examination of the vagina and cervix.

Colposcopy: Examination of the vagina and cervix with an instrument called a colposcope.

Combination Chemotherapy: The use of more than one drug during cancer treatment.

Congestive Heart Failure: A buildup of fluid in the lungs, extremities or both (especially the legs) and it occurs when the heart cannot pump the blood adequately.

Cryosurgery: Surgery performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues. This procedure is a form of cryotherapy.

Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease.

Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer.

CT Scan: Computed tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan.

Culdocentesis: A needle is used to obtain a sample of fluid from the vaginal wall and the tissues surrounding the ovaries, which can then be analyzed for the presence of cancer cells.

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge.

Cyst: An accumulation of fluid or semisolid material within a sac.

Cystitis: An inflammation of the bladder.

Cystoscope: A thin, lighted instrument used to look inside the bladder and remove tissue samples or small tumors.

Cystoscopy: A cystoscope, a slender tube with a lens and a light, is placed into the bladder through the urethra. Anything unusual can then be removed for a biopsy.

Debulking: A procedure used for advanced cases of cancer, frequently applied to the treatment of ovarian cancer. The ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus are all removed, as well as any cancer deposits the surgeon can see, in an effort to remove as many cancer cells as possible from the body.

Diaphragm: The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen.

Diathermy: Heat is carefully used to destroy and remove unhealthy cells.

Digital Rectal Examination: An examination in which a physician inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities.

Dilation and Curettage: (D&C) A minor operation in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage).

Direct Laryngoscopy: A lighted fiber optic tube is placed through the patient’s nose or mouth that allows the doctor to look at the larynx and other adjacent structures directly.

Drug Resistance: The result of the cell’s in our body not being able to resist the effects of a specific drug.

Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass.

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Cancer cells that start in the milk passages (ducts) but have not penetrated the duct walls into the surrounding tissue. This is a highly curable form of breast cancer that is treated with surgery, or surgery plus radiation therapy. Also called intraductal carcinoma.

Dumping System: A group of symptoms that occur when food or liquid enters the small intestine too rapidly. These symptoms include cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness. Dumping syndrome sometimes occurs in people who have had a portion of their stomach removed.

Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing.

Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope, but are not cancer.

Dyspnea: Difficult or painful breathing; shortness of breath.

Dysuria: Difficult or painful urination.

Edema: The accumulation of fluid in part of the body.

Effusion: A collection of fluid in a body cavity, usually between two adjoining tissues. For example, a pleural effusion is the collection of fluid between two layers of the pleura (the lung’s covering).

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG): A test that takes recordings of the electrical activity of the heart.

Electrofulgeration: Destroys a cancer by burning it with electrical current.

Electrolarynx: A battery-powered instrument that makes a humming sound. An electrolarynx is used to help someone whose voice box (larynx) has been removed.

Endocervical Curettage: The scraping of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette.

Endometrial Carcinoma: A cancer of the lining of the uterus.

Endoscopic Ultrasound: A test that uses an endoscope (a flexible tube inserted into the body) to bounce high-energy sound waves off internal tissues and organs and change the echoes into pictures (sonograms).

Endoscopy: The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the body.

Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body.

Epithelium: A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body.

ER-: Estrogen receptor negative. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.

ER: Estrogen receptor. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach.

ER+: Estrogen receptor positive. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.

Erythema: Redness of the skin.

Erythrocyte: The red blood cell that carries oxygen to body cells and carbon dioxide away from body cells.

Esophageal Speech: Speech produced by trapping air in the esophagus and forcing it out again. It is used by someone whose voice box (larynx) has been removed.

Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus (food pipe).

Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.

Estrogen Receptor Assay: A test that determines if breast cancer is stimulated by the hormone estrogen.

Estrogen: Female sex hormones produced by the ovaries, adrenal glands, placenta, and fat.

Excision: Surgical removal.

Expectant Therapy: “Watch and wait.” Involves no immediate treatment if the cancer is not causing any symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly, and is small and contained within one area.

External Beam Radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine such as a linear accelerator or a Cobalt apparatus to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation.

Extravasation: The leaking of intravenous fluids or medications into tissue surrounding the infusion site. Extravasation may cause tissue damage.

Fecal Occult Blood Test: A chemical test that can detect blood in a bowel movement, a symptom of colorectal cancer. A sample of stool is examined for blood.

Fine-Needle Aspirate: A procedure in which a needle is inserted, under local anesthesia, to obtain a sample for the evaluation of suspicious tissue.

Fistula: An abnormal opening between two areas of the body.

Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days or weeks.

Frozen Section: A technique in which tissue is removed, quick-frozen and then examined under a microscope by a pathologist.

Gallbladder: The pear shaped organ found below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder.

Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach.

Gastric: Having to do with the stomach.

Genetic Markers: Alterations in DNA that may indicate an increased risk of developing a specific disease or disorder.

Germ Cell Tumors: Tumors that begin in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. They can occur virtually anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant.

Germ Cells: The reproductive cells of the body, specifically egg or sperm cells.

Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that kills bacteria.

Guaiac Test: A test that checks for hidden blood in the stool.

Hard Palate: The front bony portion of the roof of the mouth.

Hematocrit: The percentage of red blood cells in the blood. A low hematocrit measurement indicates anemia.

Hematologist: A doctor who specializes in the problems of blood and bone marrow.

Hematology: The science that studies the blood.

Hematuria: Blood in the urine.

Hemoccult (Guaiac) Test: A test that checks for hidden blood in the stool.

HER1: Epidermal growth factor receptor. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor.

HER2/Neu: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The HER2/neu protein is involved in the growth of some cancer cells.

Herpes Simplex: The most common virus that causes sores often seen around the mouth; commonly called cold sores.

Herpes Zoster: A virus that settles around certain nerves causing blisters, swelling, and pain. This condition is also called shingles.

Hhypopharynx: The bottom part of the throat. Cancer of the hyopharynx is also called hypopharyngeal cancer.

Hodgkin’s Disease: A malignant disease of the lymphatic system that is characterized by painless enlargement of lymph nodes, the spleen, or other lymphatic tissue. It is sometimes accompanied by symptoms such as fever, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats.

Hormone Therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy or hormonal therapy.

Hormones: Substances secreted by various organs of the body that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Hospice: A concept of supportive care to meet the special needs of patients and family during the terminal stages of illness. The care may be delivered in the home or hospital by a specially trained team of professionals.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): The virus that causes AIDS.

Human Leukocyte Antigen Test (HLA): A special blood test used to match a blood or bone marrow donor to a recipient for transfusion or transplant.

Human Papillomavirus: A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer, such as cervical cancer.

Hyperalimentation: The intravenous administration of a highly nutritious solution.

Hysterectomy: An operation in which the uterus is removed.

Ileostomy: A surgical opening in the abdomen connected to the small intestine to allow stool to be emptied into a collection bag.

Immunity (Immune System): The body’s ability to fight infection and disease.

Immunosuppression: Weakening of the immune system that causes a lowered ability to fight infection and disease.

Immunotherapy: The artificial stimulation of the body’s immune system to treat or fight disease.

In Situ Cancer: Early cancer that has not invaded surrounding tissue.

Indirect Laryngoscopy: A small, long-handled mirror is inserted in the back of the patient’s throat to check for abnormal areas and to see if the vocal cords move as they should.

Infiltration: The leaking of fluid or medicines into tissues, which can cause swelling.

Infusion Pump: A device that delivers measured amounts of fluids or medications into the bloodstream over a period of time.

Infusion: Delivering fluids or medications into the bloodstream over a period of time.

Inguinal Orchiectomy: An operation in which the testicle is removed through an incision in the groin.

Injection: Pushing a medication into the body with the use of a syringe and needle.

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body’s natural response to infection and diseases). Interferons impede the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon- alpha, -beta, and –gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating some cancers and other diseases.

Interferon: A naturally produced chemical released by the body in response to viral infections. Interferon can be artificially produced and used as a form of immunotherapy.

Interleukin: A naturally produced chemical released by the body.

Intramuscular (IM) injection: Injection which goes into the muscle.

Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the peritoneal cavity through a thin tube.

Intraperitoneal: Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs).

Intravenous (IV) injection: Injection which goes into the vein.

Intravenous Pyelogram: A special dye is put in the blood stream and X-rays are taken to obtain a picture of the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder.

Laparoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues and organs inside the abdomen.

Laparoscopic: Assisted surgery- surgery done with the aid of a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube). Tissue can be removed from the abdomen or chest through a small incision.

Laparoscopy: The insertion of a thin, lighted tube (called a laparoscope) through the abdominal or chest wall to inspect the organs inside and remove tissue samples.

Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.

Large Cell Carcinomas: A group of lung cancers in which the cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope.

Laryngectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box.)

Laryngoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to examine the larynx.

Laryngoscopy: Examination of the larynx with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or a laryngoscope.

Larynx: The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking.

Laser Therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells.

Lesion: A lump or abscess that may be caused by injury or disease, such as cancer.

Leukemia: Cancer of the blood. White blood cells may be produced in excessive amounts and are unable to work properly.

Leukopenia: A name for a low number of white blood cells.

Leydig Cell Tumors: A main type of stromal tumor of the testes. Develops from the cells that normally produce the male sex hormone, androgen. Leydig cell tumors rarely spread to other areas of the body, but when they do intensive chemotherapy is required.

Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain.

Lobectomy: The removal of a lobe.

Lobular Carcinoma In Situ: A very early type of breast cancer that develops within the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast and does not penetrate through the walls of the lobules. Researchers think that most cases of lobular carcinoma in situ do not progress to invasive lobular cancer. However, having this type of cancer places a woman at increased risk or developing an invasive breast cancer later in life. For this reason, it’s important for woman with lobular carcinoma in situ to have a physical examination three times a year and a yearly mammogram.

Lobule: The glands in a woman’s breasts that produce milk.

Local Therapy: Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area close to it.

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure: LEEP; an electrical wire loop is used to slice off a thin round area of tissue.

Lumpectomy: Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it.

Lymph Node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels throughout the body and many contain lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph).

Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. Also called lymphatic fluid.

Lymphangiogram: A test used to look at the lymph nodes.

Lymphangiography: An x-ray study of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.

Lymphatic System: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.

Lymphatic Tissue: A structure found within the lymphatic system that consists of lymphocytes within a network of fibers.

Lymphedema: Swelling either from obstructed cancerous lymph nodes or from surgically removed lymph nodes.

Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases.

Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.

Lymphoepithelioma: A type of cancer that begins in the tissues covering the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose).

Lymphoma: A cancer of the lymphatic system. Doctors differentiate the different lymphomas by the type of cell that is involved in the makeup of the tumor. Treatments depend on the type of cell that is seen.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: MRI- a procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

Malignant Tumor: A tumor made up of cancer cells of the type that can spread to other parts of the body.

Mammogram (Mammography): A low-dose x-ray or ‘picture’ of the breasts used to determine whether abnormal growths or cysts are present.

Mandible: The lower jaw.

Mandibulotomy: A procedure in which the jawbone is split with a saw to get access to a tumor.

Mastectomy– Radical: Removal of the entire breast along with underlying muscle and lymph nodes of the armpit.

Mastectomy- Segmental (Lumpectomy): Removal of the lump and a small amount of surrounding breast tissue.

Mastectomy- Simple (Modified Mastectomy): Removal of the entire breast.

Mastectomy: The surgical removal of the breast.

Maxilla: The upper jaw.

Mediastinoscopy: A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the organs in the area between the lungs. The tube is inserted through an incision above the breastbone. This procedure is usually performed to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the right side of the chest.

Melanoma: A cancer of the pigment-forming cells of the skin or the retina of the eye.

Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called “secondary tumors” and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor.

Metastasize: To spread from the first cancer site, for example, breast cancer that spreads to the bone.

Monoclonal Antibodies: Artificially manufactured antibodies specifically designed to find targets on cancer cells for diagnostic or treatment purposes.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): A sophisticated test that provides in-depth images of organs and structures in the body.

Mucosa (Mucous Membranes): The lining of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.

Mucosa: T he lining of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.

Mucositis: Inflammation of the lining of the mouth or gastrointestinal tract.

Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia.

Myelogram: An x-ray procedure by which a dye is injected into the spinal column to show any pathology of the spinal cord.

Myeloma: A malignant tumor of the bone marrow associated with the production of abnormal proteins.

Myelosuppression: A decrease in the production of red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells by the bone marrow.

Nasopharynx: The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear.

Neck Dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.

Needle Biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid, by a needle, used for examination under a microscope. This is also called fine-needle aspiration.

Neoplasm: A new growth of tissue or cells; a tumor that is generally malignant.

Neutropenia: A decreased number of neutrophils, which is a type of white blood cell.

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A cancer of the lymphatic system. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is related to Hodgkin’s disease but is made up of different cell types.

Nonseminoma: A group of testicular cancers that begin in the germ cells (cells that give rise to sperm). Nonseminomas are identified by the type of cell in which they begin and include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk-sac carcinoma.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

OCN: A registered nurse who has met the requirements and successfully completed a certification examination in oncology.

Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in oncology or the treatment of cancer.

Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist: A registered nurse with a master’s degree who specializes in the education and treatment of cancer patients.

Oncology: The study and treatment of cancer. Doctors who specialize in oncology are called oncologists.

Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries.

Oropharynx: The middle part of the throat that includes the soft palate, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils

Palliative Treatment: Treatment aimed at the relief of pain and symptoms of disease but not intended to cure the disease.

Panendoscopy: Includes laryngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and possible bronchoscopy.

Pap (Papanicolaou) Smear: A test to detect cancer of the cervix.

PAP Test: Also called a PAP smear. The collection of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, and can show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation.

Paracentesis: Removing fluid from the abdomen using local anesthesia and needle and syringe.

Partial Cystectomy: The removal of the cancer as well as some of the bladder tissue around the tumor. May also be called a segmental cystectomy.

Pathological Fracture: A break in a bone usually caused by cancer.

Pathology: The study of disease by the examination of tissues and body fluids under the microscope. A doctor who specializes in pathology is called a pathologist.

Pelvic Exenteration: A radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection is accompanied by a removal of the bladder, vagina, rectum, and part of the colon. This operation is used only in advanced stages when the cancer has spread to involve other pelvic organs and connective tissue.

Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation: A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are harvested from the circulation and given back after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual’s own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin).

Peripheral Stem Cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells.

Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen.)

PET Scan: Positive Emission Tomography scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of body tissues used to determine the presence of disease, using a short-lined radioactive isotape.

Petechiae: Tiny areas of bleeding under the skin, usually caused by a low platelet count.

Phlebitis: A painful inflammation of the veins.

Photodynamic Therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs will then kill cancer cells.

Photosensitivity: Extreme sensitivity to the sun, leaving the patient prone to sunburns. This can be a side effect of some cancer drugs and radiation.

Placebo: An inert substance often used in clinical trials for comparison.

Platelet Count: The number of platelets in a blood sample.

Platelet: Cells in the blood which are responsible for clotting.

Pneumonectomy: An operation to remove an entire lung.

Polyp: A growth of tissue protruding into a body cavity, such as a nasal or rectal polyp. Polyps may be benign or malignant.

Polypectomy: Surgery to remove a polyp.

Port-Implanted: A catheter connected to a quarter-sized disc that is surgically placed just below the skin in the chest or abdomen. The tube is inserted into a large vein or artery directly into the bloodstream. Fluids, drugs, or blood products can be infused, and blood can be drawn through a needle that is stuck into the disc.

Port-Peritoneal: A catheter connected to a quarter-sized disc that is surgically placed in the abdomen. The catheter is inserted to deliver chemotherapy to the peritoneum (abdominal cavity).

PR: Progesterone receptor negative. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR- do not need the hormone progesterone to grow and usually do not respond to hormonal therapy.

PR+: Progesterone receptor positive. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR+ need the hormone progesterone to grow and will usually respond to hormonal therapy.

Pre-Cancerous Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change that may (or is likely to) become cancer.

Primary Tumor: The original cancer site. For example, breast cancer that has spread to the bone is still called breast cancer.

Progesterone: One of the female hormones produced by the ovaries.

Progesterone-Receptor Assay: A test that determines if breast cancer is stimulated by the hormone progesterone.

Prognosis: A determination of the possible outcome of a disease and the expected life expectancy.

Prophylactic: Used to prevent disease and preserve health.

Prostascint: This scan may be used to determine if there are microscopic prostate cancer cells in the lymph node system.

Prostate: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen.

Prostatic Cancer: The term given to cancers that begin in the prostate.

Prosthesis: Artificial replacement of a missing body part.

Protocol: A treatment plan.

PSA Blood Test: Measures the levels of a certain protein (antigen) produced by prostate cells. An increase in PSA may indicate a cancer in the prostate although high test results can be a result of other conditions and can be found in non-cancerous older men.

PSA: A marker used to determine prostate disease; it may be benign or malignant.

Radiation Therapy: X-Ray treatment that damages or kills cancer cells.

Radical Cystectomy: Surgery to remove the bladder as well as nearby tissues and organs.

Radical Prostatectomy: An operation in which the entire prostate gland plus some tissue around it is removed. Radical prostatectomy is used most often if the cancer is thought not to have spread outside the gland, particularly for younger men.

Radiologist: A doctor who specializes in the use of x-rays to diagnose and treat disease.

Radon: A radioactive gas that is released by uranium, a substance found in soil and rock. When too much radon is breathed in, it can damage lung cells and lead to lung cancer, particularly in smokers.

Rectum: The last six inches of the large intestine.

Recurrence: The return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the original tumor has disappeared.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Cells in the blood that deliver oxygen to tissues and take carbon dioxide from them.

Red Blood Count (RBC): The number of red blood cells seen in a blood sample.

Reed- Sternberg Cell: A type of cell that appears in people with Hodgkin’s Disease. The number of these cells increases as the disease advances.

Refractory Cancer: Cancer that has not responded to treatment.

Regression: The shrinkage of a cancer growth.

Relapse: The reappearance of a disease after its apparent cessation.

Remission: Complete or partial disappearance of the signs and symptoms of disease.

Resection: Removal of tissue or all or part of an organ by surgery.

Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen).

Risk Factor: Anything that increases a person’s chances of developing cancer; for example smoking increases the chances for getting lung cancer.

RTPCR: A molecular process which can multiply small amounts of DNA or other particles and make it possible to identify their presence in small samples. It has been used to determine the presence of circulating prostate cancer cells. This process remains somewhat experimental.

Sarcoma: A malignant tumor of muscles or connective tissue such as bone and cartilage.

Side Effects: Secondary effects of drugs used for disease treatment.

Sigmoidoscopy: The visual examination of the rectum and lower colon using a tubular instrument called a sigmoidoscope.

Sputum: Secretions produced by the lungs.

Staging: Determination of extent of the cancer in the body.

Steroids: A type of hormone.

Stoma: An artificial opening between two cavities or between a cavity and the surface of the body.

Stomatitis: Temporary inflammation and soreness of the mouth.

Sarcoma: A cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

Schiller Test: A test in which iodine is applied to the cervix. The iodine colors healthy cells brown; abnormal cells remain unstained, usually appearing white or yellow.

Seminoma: A highly curable type of cancer in the testicles which grows slowly and rarely spreads to other areas of the body.

Sertoli Cell Tumors: A main type of stromal tumor. Develop from the cells that nourish and support the germ cells. These rarely spread, but when they do intensive chemotherapy is necessary to treat them.

Sigmoidoscopy: A visual examination of the lower portion of the colon and rectum. A slender, flexible, lighted tube is placed in the rectum and allows the doctor to look at the inside of the rectum and part of the colon for cancer or polyps.

Small Cell Lung Cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under a microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer.

Small Intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. Where the digestive processes occur.

Soft Palate: The back muscular portion of the roof of the mouth.

Spermatic Cord: Blood vessels and ducts from the testicles to prostate, seminal vesicles.

Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach.

Sputum: Mucus coughed up from the lungs.

Sputum Cytology: Sputum is studied to see if cancer cells from the lungs are present.

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion: A general term for the abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear.

Stem Cells: T he cells that all cells come from. Most frequently refers to blood cells but can be nervous tissue, heart, etc.

Stomach: An organ that is part of the digestive system. It helps in the digestion of food by mixing it with digestive juices and churning it into a thin liquid.

Stroma: The supporting framework of an organ, typically consisting of connective tissue.

Strontium 89: A radioactive substance that is used for treatment of bone pain caused by metastatic cancer in bones, such as prostate, breast, etc. It is injected intravenously (into a vein), and is picked up by the metastatic site.

Subcutaneous Injection: An injection which goes into the fatty tissue under the skin.

Subglottis: The lowest part of the larynx; the area from just below the vocal cords down to the top of the trachea.

Superficial: Affecting cells on the surface. Not invasive.

Supraglottis: The upper part of the larynx (voice box), including the epiglottis; the area above the vocal cords.

Systemic Therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body.

Systemic Disease: A disease that affects the entire body instead of a specific organ.

Tamoxifen: An anticancer drug that belongs to the category of drugs called antiestrogens. Tamoxifen blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body. It is used to prevent or delay the return of breast cancer or to control its speed.

Taste Alteration: A temporary change in taste perception.

Testes: Also called testicles. The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones.

Testicular Self-Examination (TSE): A simple manual self-examination of the testes.

Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.

Therapeutic: Used to treat disease and help healing take place.

Thoracentesis: A procedure to remove fluids from the area between the two layers (pleura) covering the lung.

Thrombocytopenia: An abnormally low number of platelets (thrombocytes). If the platelet count is too low then bleeding could occur.

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone.

Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the mouth.

Tracheoesophageal Puncture: A small opening made by a surgeon between the esophagus and trachea. A valve keeps food out of the trachea but lets air into the esophagus for esophageal speech.

Tracheostomy: A surgical opening through the trachea in the neck to provide an artificial airway.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Accounts for about 9 out of 10 cases of bladder cancer. This type of bladder cancer begins in the transitional cells that line the bladder.

Transitional Cells: Cells that vary in shape depending on whether the tissue is being stretched. The cells may be stretched without breaking apart. They line hollow organs such as the bladder.

Transrectal Ultrasonography: Sound waves are emitted by a probe in the rectum to produce an image, or sonogram, of the prostate.

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate: An operation in which the surgeon removes part of the prostate gland that surrounds the urethra. TURP is most often used to treat men with non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate known as benign prostatic hyperplasia. In addition, TURP is maybe used as part of the treatment of men who cannot undergo radical prostatectomy because of advanced age or other illness.

Transvaginal Ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina, and sound waves bounce off organs inside the pelvic area. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. Also called TVS.

Tumor: An abnormal overgrowth of cells. Tumors can be either benign or malignant.

Ul trasound Examination: The use of high frequency sound waves to aid in diagnosis.

Ultrasound Test: A test that bounces sound waves off tissues and internal organs and changes the echoes into sonograms (pictures).

Ureter: The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Ureterostomy: A surgical procedure consisting of cutting the ureters from the bladder and connecting them to an opening on the abdomen, allowing urine to flow into a collection bag.

Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.

Urinary Bladder: The organ that stores urine.

Urine Culture: A urine sample is analyzed for signs of infection.

Urine Cytology: Uurine or cells are examined in the lab for signs of cancer.

Urostomy: An operation to create an opening from inside the body to the outside, making a new way to pass urine.

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops.

Vas Deferens: A coiled tube that carries the sperm outside of the testes.

Venipuncture: Puncturing a vein in order to obtain blood samples, to start an intravenous drip, or to give medication.

Vesicant: A medication or agent that may cause blistering.

Virus: A tiny infectious agent that is smaller than bacteria. The common cold is caused by a virus, and the herpes simplex virus causes cold sores.

White Blood Cells: General term for a variety of cells responsible for fighting invading germs, infection, and allergy-causing agents.

White B lood Count: The actual number of white blood cells seen in a blood sample.

X-Ray: High-energy electromagnetic radiation used to diagnose and treat disease. Can also be described as a diagnostic test using high energy to visualize internal body organs.

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